]> GNU Info 4.8 This manual is for GNU Info (version 4.8, 14 December 2004),a program for viewing documents in Info format (usually created fromTexinfo source files).Copyright © 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002,2003, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts being “A GNU Manual,” and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License.” (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: “You have freedom to copy and modify this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.” GNU Info This manual is for GNU Info (version 4.8, 14 December 2004), a program for viewing documents in Info format (usually created from Texinfo source files). Copyright © 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts being “A GNU Manual,” and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License.” (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: “You have freedom to copy and modify this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.” This documentation is different from the documentation for the Info reader that is part of GNU Emacs. If you do not know how to use Info, but have a working Info reader, you should read the Emacs documentation first, as it includes more background information and a thorough tutorial. What is Info? Info is a program which is used to view Info files on an ASCII terminal. Info files are the result of processing Texinfo files with the program makeinfo or with one of the Emacs commands, such as M-x texinfo-format-buffer. Texinfo itself is a documentation system that uses a single source file to produce both on-line information and printed output. You can typeset and print the files that you read in Info. Invoking Info Info, invoking invoking Info command line options options, command line arguments, command line GNU Info accepts several options to control the initial node being viewed, and to specify which directories to search for Info files. Here is a template showing an invocation of GNU Info from the shell: info [option]… [menu-item…] The program accepts the following options: --apropos=string Searching all indices Info files, searching all indices Apropos, in Info filesSpecify a string to search in every index of every Info file installedon your system. Info looks up the named string in all the indicesit can find, prints the results to standard output, and then exits. Ifyou are not sure which Info file explains certain issues, this option isyour friend. Note that if your system has a lot of Info filesinstalled, searching all of them might take some time.You can invoke the apropos command from inside Info; see. directory path --directory directory-path-d directory-path Prepend directory-path to the list of directory paths searchedwhen Info needs to find a file. You may issue --directorymultiple times; once for each directory which contains Info files. Thelist of directories searched by Info is constructed from the value ofthe environment variable INFOPATH; --directory causes thenamed directory-path to be prepended to that list. The value ofINFOPATH is a list of directories usually separated by a colon;on MS-DOS/MS-Windows systems, the semicolon is used. If you do notdefine INFOPATH, Info uses a default path defined when Info wasbuilt as the initial list of directories. If the value ofINFOPATH ends with a colon (or semicolon on MS-DOS/MS-Windows),the initial list of directories is constructed by appending thebuild-time default to the value of INFOPATH. keystrokes, recording remembering user keystrokes --dribble=dribble-file Specify a file where all user keystrokes will be recorded. This filecan be used later to replay the same sequence of commands, see the‘--restore’ option below. --file filename-f filename Info file, selectingSpecify a particular Info file to visit. By default, Info visitsthe file dir; if you use this option, Info will start with(filename)Top as the first file and node. relative Info file names file names, relative Info files, relativeIf filename is an absolute file name, or begins with ./ or../, Info looks for filename only in the directory of thespecified filename, and adds the directory of filename tothe value of INFOPATH. In contrast, if filename is in theform of a relative file name, but without the ./ or ../prefix, Info will only look for it in the directories specified inINFOPATH. In other words, Info does not treat file nameswhich lack ./ and ../ prefix as relative to the currentdirectory. compressed Info files files, compressed Info files, compressedIn every directory Info tries, if filename is not found, Infolooks for it with a number of known extensions of Info files .info, -info, /index, and .inf. . For everyknown extension, Info looks for a compressed file, if a regular fileisn't found. Info supports files compressed with gzip,bzip2, compress and yabba programs; it callsgunzip, bunzip2, uncompress and unyabba,accordingly, to decompress such files. Compressed Info files areassumed to have .z, .gz, .bz2, .Z, or.Y extensions, possibly in addition to one of the known Infofiles extensions The MS-DOS version allows for the Infoextension, such as .inf, and the short compressed fileextensions, such as .z and .gz, to be merged into a singleextension, since DOS doesn't allow more than a single dot in thebasename of a file. Thus, on MS-DOS, if Info looks for bison,file names like bison.igz and bison.inz will be found anddecompressed by gunzip. . --help-h Produces a relatively brief description of the available Info options. --index-search string index search, selecting from the command line online help, using Info asAfter processing all command-line arguments, go to the index in the Infofile and search for index entries which match string. If such anentry is found, the Info session begins with displaying the node pointedto by the first matching index entry; press , to step through therest of the matching entries. If no such entry exists, print ‘noentries found’ and exit with nonzero status. This can be used fromanother program as a way to provide online help, or as a quick way ofstarting to read an Info file at a certain node when you don't know theexact name of that node.This command can also be invoked from inside Info; see . --node nodename-n nodename node, selecting from the command lineSpecify a particular node to visit in the initial file that Infoloads. This is especially useful in conjunction with--file Of course, you can specify both the file and nodein a --node command; but don't forget to escape the open andclose parentheses and whitespace from the shell as in: info --node"(emacs)Buffers". . You may specify --node multiple times; foran interactive Info, each nodename is visited in its own window,for a non-interactive Info (such as when --output is given) eachnodename is processed sequentially. --output filename-o filename file, outputting to outputting to a fileSpecify filename as the name of a file to which to direct output.Each node that Info visits will be output to filename instead ofinteractively viewed. A value of - for filename specifiesthe standard output. colors in documents ANSI escape sequences in documents --raw-escapes--no-raw-escapes-R Do not remove ANSI escape sequences from documents. Some versions ofGroff, the GNU document formatter, produce man pages with ANSI escapesequences for bold, italics, and underlined characters, and forcolorized text. By default, Info lets those escape sequences passthrough directly to the terminal. If your terminal does not supportthese escapes, use --no-raw-escapes to make Info remove them. replaying recorded keystrokes --restore=dribble-file Read keystrokes from dribble-file, presumably recorded duringprevious Info session (see the description of the ‘--dribble’option above). When the keystrokes in the files are all read, Inforeverts its input to the usual interactive operation. command-line options, how to find invocation description, how to find --show-options--usage-O This option causes Info to look for the node that describes how toinvoke the program and its command-line options, and begin the sessionby displaying that node. It is provided to make it easier to find themost important usage information in a manual without the need to wadethrough complex menu hierarchies. The effect is similar to theM-x goto-invocation command (see ) from insideInfo. speech synthesizers --speech-friendly-b On MS-DOS/MS-Windows only, this option causes Info to use standard fileI/O functions for screen writes. (By default, Info uses direct writesto the video memory on these systems, for faster operation and coloreddisplay support.) This allows the speech synthesizers used by blindpersons to catch the output and convert it to audible speech. --subnodes --subnodes, command line optionThis option only has meaning when given in conjunction with--output. It means to recursively output the nodes appearing inthe menus of each node being output. Menu items which resolve toexternal Info files are not output, and neither are menu items which aremembers of an index. Each node is only output once. --version version informationPrints the version information of Info and exits. vi-like key bindings Less-like key bindings --vi-keys This option binds functions to keys differently, to emulate the keybindings of vi and Less. The default key bindings are generallymodeled after Emacs.(See ,for a more general way of altering GNU Info's key bindings.) Info manual location Where is an Info manual? --where--location-w Show the filename that would be read and exit, instead of actuallyreading it and starting Info. menu-item menu, followingInfo treats its remaining arguments as the names of menu items. Thefirst argument is a menu item in the initial node visited (generallydir), the second argument is a menu item in the first argument'snode, etc. You can easily move to the node of your choice by specifyingthe menu names which describe the path to that node. For example, info emacs buffers first selects the menu item ‘Emacs’ in the node ‘(dir)Top’,and then selects the menu item ‘Buffers’ in the node‘(emacs)Top’. To avoid searching the dir files and just show some arbitrary file, use ‘-f’ and the filename, as in ‘info -f ./foo.info’. The index search and the search for the node which describes program invocation and command-line options begins after processing all the command-line menu items. Therefore, the Info file searched for the index or the invocation node is the file where Info finds itself after following all the menu items given on the command line. This is so ‘info emacs --show-options’ does what you'd expect. Moving the Cursor cursor, moving moving the cursor Many people find that reading screens of text page by page is made easier when one is able to indicate particular pieces of text with some kind of pointing device. Since this is the case, GNU Info (both the Emacs and standalone versions) have several commands which allow you to move the cursor about the screen. The notation used in this manual to describe keystrokes is identical to the notation used within the Emacs manual, and the GNU Readline manual. See See section ``User Input'' in the GNU Emacs Manual, if you are unfamiliar with the notation.Here's a short summary. C-x means press the CTRL key and the key x. M-x means press the META key and the key x. On many terminals th META key is known as the ALT key. SPC is the space bar. The other keys are usually called by the names imprinted on them. The following table lists the basic cursor movement commands in Info. Each entry consists of the key sequence you should type to execute the cursor movement, the M-xM-x is also a command; it invokes execute-extended-command. See See section ``Executing an extended command'' in the GNU Emacs Manual, for more detailed information. command name (displayed in parentheses), and a short description of what the command does. All of the cursor motion commands can take a numeric argument (see to find out how to supply them. With a numeric argument, the motion commands are simply executed that many times; for example, a numeric argument of 4 given to next-line causes the cursor to move down 4 lines. With a negative numeric argument, the motion is reversed; an argument of -4 given to the next-line command would cause the cursor to move up 4 lines. C-n (next-line)DOWN (an arrow key) C-n DOWN (an arrow key) next-lineMove the cursor down to the next line. C-p (prev-line)UP (an arrow key) C-p UP (an arrow key) prev-lineMove the cursor up to the previous line. C-a (beginning-of-line)Home (on DOS/Windows only) C-a, in Info windows Home beginning-of-lineMove the cursor to the start of the current line. C-e (end-of-line)End (on DOS/Windows only) C-e, in Info windows End end-of-lineMove the cursor to the end of the current line. C-f (forward-char)RIGHT (an arrow key) C-f, in Info windows RIGHT (an arrow key) forward-charMove the cursor forward a character. C-b (backward-char)LEFT (an arrow key) C-b, in Info windows LEFT (an arrow key) backward-charMove the cursor backward a character. M-f (forward-word)C-RIGHT (on DOS/Windows only) M-f, in Info windows C-RIGHT forward-wordMove the cursor forward a word. M-b (backward-word)C-LEFT (on DOS/Windows only) M-b, in Info windows C-LEFT backward-wordMove the cursor backward a word. M-< (beginning-of-node)C-Home (on DOS/Windows only)bM-b, vi-like operation b, in Info windows M-< C-Home M-b, vi-like operation beginning-of-nodeMove the cursor to the start of the current node. M-> (end-of-node)C-End (on DOS/Windows only)e M-> e, in Info windows C-End end-of-nodeMove the cursor to the end of the current node. M-r (move-to-window-line) M-r move-to-window-lineMove the cursor to a specific line of the window. Without a numericargument, M-r moves the cursor to the start of the line in thecenter of the window. With a numeric argument of n, M-rmoves the cursor to the start of the nth line in the window. Moving Text Within a Window scrolling Sometimes you are looking at a screenful of text, and only part of the current paragraph you are reading is visible on the screen. The commands detailed in this section are used to shift which part of the current node is visible on the screen. Scrolling commands are bound differently when ‘--vi-keys’ operation is in effect (see ). These key bindings are designated with “vi-like operation”. SPC (scroll-forward) SPC, in Info windows scroll-forwardShift the text in this window up. That is, show more of the node whichis currently below the bottom of the window. With a numeric argument,show that many more lines at the bottom of the window; a numericargument of 4 would shift all of the text in the window up 4 lines(discarding the top 4 lines), and show you four new lines at the bottomof the window. Without a numeric argument, SPC takes the bottomtwo lines of the window and places them at the top of the window,redisplaying almost a completely new screenful of lines. If you are atthe end of a node, SPC takes you to the “next” node, so that you canread an entire manual from start to finish by repeating SPC.The default scroll size is one screen-full, but it can be changed byinvoking the (scroll-forward-page-only-set-window) command,‘z’ under ‘--vi-keys’, with a numeric argument. NEXT (an arrow key) (scroll-forward-page-only)C-vC-f, vi-like operationf, vi-like operationM-SPC, vi-like operation NEXT C-v C-f, vi-like operation f, vi-like operation M-SPC, vi-like operation scroll-forward-page-onlyShift the text in this window up. This is identical to the SPCoperation above, except that it never scrolls beyond the end of thecurrent node. PageDownThe NEXT key is known as the PageDown key on somekeyboards. z (scroll-forward-page-only-set-window, vi-like operation) z, vi-like operation scroll-forward-page-only-set-windowScroll forward, like with NEXT, but if a numeric argument isspecified, it becomes the default scroll size for subsequentscroll-forward and scroll-backward commands and theirilk. DEL (scroll-backward) DEL, in Info windows scroll-backwardShift the text in this window down. The inverse ofscroll-forward.If you are at the start of a node, DEL takes you to the“previous” node, so that you can read an entire manual from finish tostart by repeating DEL. The default scroll size can be changed byinvoking the (scroll-backward-page-only-set-window) command,‘w’ under ‘--vi-keys’, with a numeric argument. PREVIOUS (arrow key) (scroll-backward-page-only)PRIOR (arrow key)M-vb, vi-like operationC-b, vi-like operation PREVIOUS M-v b, vi-like operation C-b, vi-like operation scroll-backward-page-onlyShift the text in this window down. The inverse ofscroll-forward-page-only. Does not scroll beyond the start ofthe current node. The default scroll size can be changed by invokingthe(scroll-backward-page-only-set-window) command, ‘w’ under‘--vi-keys’, with a numeric argument. w (scroll-backward-page-only-set-window, vi-like operation) w, vi-like operation scroll-backward-page-only-set-windowScroll backward, like with PREVIOUS, but if a numeric argument isspecified, it becomes the default scroll size for subsequentscroll-forward and scroll-backward commands. C-n (down-line, vi-like operation)C-e, vi-like operationRET, vi-like operationLFD, vi-like operationDOWN, vi-like operation C-n, vi-like operation C-e, vi-like operation RET, vi-like operation LFD, vi-like operation DOWN, vi-like operation down-lineScroll forward by one line. With a numeric argument, scroll forwardthat many lines. C-p (up-line, vi-like operation)UP, vi-like operationy, vi-like operationk, vi-like operationC-k, vi-like operationC-y, vi-like operation C-p, vi-like operation UP, vi-like operation y, vi-like operation k, vi-like operation C-k, vi-like operation C-y, vi-like operation up-lineScroll backward one line. With a numeric argument, scroll backward thatmany lines. d (scroll-half-screen-down, vi-like operation)C-d, vi-like operation d, vi-like operation C-d, vi-like operation scroll-half-screen-downScroll forward by half of the screen size. With a numeric argument,scroll that many lines. If an argument is specified, it becomes the newdefault number of lines to scroll for subsequent ‘d’ and ‘u’commands. u (scroll-half-screen-up, vi-like operation)C-u, vi-like operation u, vi-like operation C-u, vi-like operation scroll-half-screen-upScroll back by half of the screen size. With a numeric argument,scroll that many lines. If an argument is specified, it becomes the newdefault number of lines to scroll for subsequent ‘u’ and ‘d’commands. scrolling through node structure The scroll-forward and scroll-backward commands can also move forward and backward through the node structure of the file. If you press SPC while viewing the end of a node, or DEL while viewing the beginning of a node, what happens is controlled by the variable scroll-behavior. See scroll-behavior, for more information. The scroll-forward-page-only and scroll-backward-page-only commands never scroll beyond the current node. PageUp The PREVIOUS key is the PageUp key on many keyboards. Emacs refers to it by the name PRIOR. When you use PRIOR or PageUp to scroll, Info never scrolls beyond the beginning of the current node. BS (backspace) If your keyboard lacks the DEL key, look for a key called BS, or ‘BackSpace’, sometimes designated with an arrow which points to the left, which should perform the same function. C-l (redraw-display) C-l redraw-displayRedraw the display from scratch, or shift the line containing the cursorto a specified location. With no numeric argument, ‘C-l’ clearsthe screen, and then redraws its entire contents. Given a numericargument of n, the line containing the cursor is shifted so thatit is on the nth line of the window. C-x w (toggle-wrap) C-w toggle-wrapToggles the state of line wrapping in the current window. Normally,lines which are longer than the screen width wrap, i.e., they arecontinued on the next line. Lines which wrap have a ‘\’ appearingin the rightmost column of the screen. You can cause such lines to beterminated at the rightmost column by changing the state of linewrapping in the window with C-x w. When a line which needs morespace than one screen width to display is displayed, a ‘$’ appearsin the rightmost column of the screen, and the remainder of the line isinvisible. When long lines are truncated, the modeline displays the‘$’ character near its left edge. Selecting a Node nodes, selection of This section details the numerous Info commands which select a new node to view in the current window. The most basic node commands are ‘n’, ‘p’, ‘u’, and ‘l’. Note that the commands to select nodes are mapped differently when ‘--vi-keys’ is in effect; these keybindings are designated below as “vi-like operation”. When you are viewing a node, the top line of the node contains some Info pointers which describe where the next, previous, and up nodes are. Info uses this line to move about the node structure of the file when you use the following commands: n (next-node)C-NEXT (on DOS/Windows only)C-x n, vi-like operation n C-NEXT C-x n, vi-like operation next-nodeSelect the `Next' node. C-PgDnThe NEXT key is known as the PgDn key on somekeyboards. p (prev-node)C-PREVIOUS (on DOS/Windows only) p C-PREVIOUS prev-nodeSelect the `Prev' node. C-PgUpThe PREVIOUS key is known as the PgUp key on somekeyboards. u (up-node)C-UP (an arrow key on DOS/Windows only)C-x u, vi-like operation u C-UP C-x u, vi-like operation up-nodeSelect the `Up' node. You can easily select a node that you have already viewed in this window by using the ‘l’ command—this name stands for “last”, and actually moves backwards through the history of visited nodes for this window. This is handy when you followed a reference to another node, possibly to read about a related issue, and would like then to resume reading at the same place where you started the excursion. Each node where you press ‘l’ is discarded from the history. Thus, by the time you get to the first node you visited in a window, the entire history of that window is discarded. l (history-node)C-CENTER (on DOS/Windows only)', vi-like operation l C-CENTER ', vi-like operation history-nodePop the most recently selected node in this window from the nodehistory. Two additional commands make it easy to select the most commonly selected nodes; they are ‘t’ and ‘d’. t (top-node)M-t, vi-like operation t M-t, vi-like operation top-nodeSelect the node ‘Top’ in the current Info file. d (dir-node)M-d, vi-like operation d M-d, vi-like operation dir-nodeSelect the directory node (i.e., the node ‘(dir)’). Here are some other commands which immediately result in the selection of a different node in the current window: < (first-node)g, vi-like operation < g, vi-like operation first-nodeSelects the first node which appears in this file. This node is mostoften ‘Top’, but it does not have to be. With a numeric argumentN, select the Nth node (the first node is node 1). Anargument of zero is the same as the argument of 1. > (last-node)G, vi-like operation > G, vi-like operation last-nodeSelect the last node which appears in this file. With a numeric argumentN, select the Nth node (the first node is node 1). Anargument of zero is the same as no argument, i.e., it selects the lastnode. ] (global-next-node) ] global-next-nodeMove forward or down through node structure. If the node that you arecurrently viewing has a ‘Next’ pointer, that node is selected.Otherwise, if this node has a menu, the first menu item is selected. Ifthere is no ‘Next’ and no menu, the same process is tried with the‘Up’ node of this node. [ (global-prev-node) [ global-prev-nodeMove backward or up through node structure. If the node that you arecurrently viewing has a ‘Prev’ pointer, that node is selected.Otherwise, if the node has an ‘Up’ pointer, that node is selected,and if it has a menu, the last item in the menu is selected. You can get the same behavior as global-next-node and global-prev-node while simply scrolling through the file with SPC and DEL; See scroll-behavior, for more information. g (goto-node)C-x g, vi-like operation g C-x g, vi-like operation goto-nodeRead the name of a node and select it. While reading the node name,completion (see completion) is only done for thenodes which reside in one of the Info files that were loaded in thecurrent Info session; if the desired node resides in some other file,you must type the node exactly as it appears in that Info file, and youmust include the Info file of the other file. For example, g(emacs)Buffers finds the node ‘Buffers’ in the Info file emacs. O (goto-invocationI O I goto-invocation finding the Invocation nodeRead the name of a program and look for a node in the current Info filewhich describes the invocation and the command-line options for thatprogram. The default program name is derived from the name of thecurrent Info file. This command does the same as the‘--show-options’ command-line option (see ), butit also allows to specify the program name; this is important for thosemanuals which describe several programs.If you need to find the Invocation node of a program that is documentedin another Info file, you need to visit that file before invoking‘I’. For example, if you are reading the Emacs manual and want tosee the command-line options of the makeinfo program, type g(texinfo) RET and then I makeinfo RET. If you don'tknow what Info file documents the command, or if invoking ‘I’doesn't display the right node, go to the ‘(dir)’ node (using the‘d’ command) and invoke ‘I’ from there. G (menu-sequence) G menu-sequence menu, following, from inside InfoRead a sequence of menu entries and follow it. Info prompts for asequence of menu items separated by commas. (Since commas are notallowed in a node name, they are a natural choice for a delimiter in alist of menu items.) Info then looks up the first item in the menu ofthe node ‘(dir)’ (if the ‘(dir)’ node cannot be found, Infouses ‘Top’). If such an entry is found, Info goes to the node itpoints to and looks up the second item in the menu of that node, etc.In other words, you can specify a complete path which descends throughthe menu hierarchy of a particular Info file starting at the‘(dir)’ node. This has the same effect as if you typed the menuitem sequence on Info's command line, see Info command-line arguments processing. For example, G Texinfo,Overview,Reporting Bugs RET displays the node ‘Reporting Bugs’ in the Texinfo manual. (Youdon't actually need to type the menu items in their full length, or intheir exact letter-case. However, if you do type the menu itemsexactly, Info will find it faster.)If any of the menu items you type are not found, Info stops at the lastentry it did find and reports an error. C-x k (kill-node) C-x k kill-nodeKill a node. The node name is prompted for in the echo area, with adefault of the current node. Killing a node means that Info trieshard to forget about it, removing it from the list of history nodes keptfor the window where that node is found. Another node is selected inthe window which contained the killed node. C-x C-f (view-file) C-x C-f view-fileRead the name of a file and selects the entire file. The command C-x C-f filename is equivalent to typing g(filename)* C-x C-b (list-visited-nodes) C-x C-b list-visited-nodesMake a window containing a menu of all of the currently visited nodes.This window becomes the selected window, and you may use the standardInfo commands within it. C-x b (select-visited-node) C-x b select-visited-nodeSelect a node which has been previously visited in a visible window.This is similar to ‘C-x C-b’ followed by ‘m’, but no window iscreated. Searching an Info File searching GNU Info allows you to search for a sequence of characters throughout an entire Info file, search through the indices of an Info file, or find areas within an Info file which discuss a particular topic. s (search)/ s / searchRead a string in the echo area and search for it. If the stringincludes upper-case characters, the Info file is searchedcase-sensitively; otherwise Info ignores the letter case. With anumeric argument of N, search for Nth occurrence of thestring. Negative arguments search backwards. ? (search-backward, vi-like operation) ?, vi-like operation search-backwardRead a string in the echo area and search backward through the Info filefor that string. If the string includes upper-case characters, the Infofile is searched case-sensitively; otherwise Info ignores the lettercase. With a numeric argument of N, search for Nthoccurrence of the string. Negative arguments search forward. S (search-case-sensitively S search-case-sensitively search, case-sensitive case-sensitive searchRead a string in the echo area and search for it case-sensitively, evenif the string includes only lower-case letters. With a numeric argumentof N, search for Nth occurrence of the string. Negativearguments search backwards. C-x n (search-next)n, vi-like operation C-x n n, vi-like operation search-next repeated searchSearch for the same string used in the last search command, in the samedirection, and with the same case-sensitivity option. With a numericargument of N, search for Nth next occurrence. C-x N (search-previous)N, vi-like operation C-x N n, vi-like operation search-previousSearch for the same string used in the last search command, and with thesame case-sensitivity option, but in the reverse direction. With anumeric argument of N, search for Nth previous occurrence. C-s (isearch-forward) C-s isearch-forward incremental searchInteractively search forward through the Info file for a string as youtype it. If the string includes upper-case characters, the search iscase-sensitive; otherwise Info ignores the letter case. C-r (isearch-backward) C-r isearch-backwardInteractively search backward through the Info file for a string asyou type it. If the string includes upper-case characters, the searchis case-sensitive; otherwise Info ignores the letter case. i (index-search) i index-search index, searching searching, in the indicesLook up a string in the indices for this Info file, and select a nodeto which the found index entry points. , (next-index-match) , next-index-matchMove to the node containing the next matching index item from the last‘i’ command. M-x index-apropos index-aproposGrovel the indices of all the known Info files on your system for astring, and build a menu of the possible matches. The most basic searching command is ‘s’ or ‘/’ (search). The ‘s’ command prompts you for a string in the echo area, and then searches the remainder of the Info file for an occurrence of that string. If the string is found, the node containing it is selected, and the cursor is left positioned at the start of the found string. Subsequent ‘s’ commands show you the default search string within ‘[’ and ‘]’; pressing RET instead of typing a new string will use the default search string. Under ‘--vi-keys’ (see ), using the ‘n’ or ‘N’ commands is a faster way of searching for the same string. Incremental searching is similar to basic searching, but the string is looked up while you are typing it, instead of waiting until the entire search string has been specified. search, and case-sensitivity case-sensitivity, and search Both incremental and non-incremental search by default ignore the case of letters when comparing the Info file text with the search string. However, an uppercase letter in the search string makes the search case-sensitive. You can force a case-sensitive non-incremental search, even for a string that includes only lower-case letters, by using the ‘S’ command (search-case-sensitively). The ‘n’ and ‘N’ commands operate case-sensitively if the last search command was ‘S’. The most efficient means of finding something quickly in a manual is the ‘i’ command (index-search). This command prompts for a string, and then looks for that string in all the indices of the current Info manual. If it finds a matching index entry, it displays the node to which that entry refers and prints the full text of the entry in the echo area. You can press ‘,’ (next-index-match) to find more matches. A good Info manual has all of its important concepts indexed, so the ‘i’ command lets you use a manual as a reference. If you don't know what manual documents something, try the M-x index-apropos command. It prompts for a string and then looks up that string in all the indices of all the Info documents installed on your system. It can also be invoked from the command line; see . Selecting Cross References We have already discussed the ‘Next’, ‘Prev’, and ‘Up’ pointers which appear at the top of a node. In addition to these pointers, a node may contain other pointers which refer you to a different node, perhaps in another Info file. Such pointers are called cross references, or xrefs for short. Parts of an Xref Cross references have two major parts: the first part is called the label; it is the name that you can use to refer to the cross reference, and the second is the target; it is the full name of the node that the cross reference points to. The target is separated from the label by a colon ‘:’; first the label appears, and then the target. For example, in the sample menu cross reference below, the single colon separates the label from the target. * Foo Label: Foo Target. More information about Foo. Note the ‘.’ which ends the name of the target. The ‘.’ is not part of the target; it serves only to let Info know where the target name ends. A shorthand way of specifying references allows two adjacent colons to stand for a target name which is the same as the label name: * Foo Commands:: Commands pertaining to Foo. In the above example, the name of the target is the same as the name of the label, in this case Foo Commands. You will normally see two types of cross reference while viewing nodes: menu references, and note references. Menu references appear within a node's menu; they begin with a ‘*’ at the beginning of a line, and continue with a label, a target, and a comment which describes what the contents of the node pointed to contains. Note references appear within the body of the node text; they begin with *Note, and continue with a label and a target. Like ‘Next’, ‘Prev’, and ‘Up’ pointers, cross references can point to any valid node. They are used to refer you to a place where more detailed information can be found on a particular subject. Here is a cross reference which points to a node within the Texinfo documentation: See See section ``Writing an Xref'' in the Texinfo Manual, for more information on creating your own texinfo cross references. Selecting Xrefs The following table lists the Info commands which operate on menu items. 1 (menu-digit)2 … 9M-1, vi-like operationM-2 … M-9, vi-like operation 1 … 9, in Info windows M-1 … M-9, vi-like operation 1 … 9, in Info windows M-1 … M-9, vi-like operation menu-digitWithin an Info window, pressing a single digit, (such as ‘1’),selects that menu item, and places its node in the current window.For convenience, there is one exception; pressing ‘0’ selects thelast item in the node's menu. When ‘--vi-keys’ is ineffect, digits set the numeric argument, so these commands are remappedto their ‘M-’ varieties. For example, to select the last menuitem, press M-0. 0 (last-menu-item)M-0, vi-like operation 0, in Info windows M-0, vi-like operation last-menu-itemSelect the last item in the current node's menu. m (menu-item) m menu-itemReads the name of a menu item in the echo area and selects its node.Completion is available while reading the menu label. See completion. M-x find-menu find-menuMove the cursor to the start of this node's menu. This table lists the Info commands which operate on cross references. f (xref-item)rM-f, vi-like operationC-x r, vi-like operation f r M-f, vi-like operation C-x r, vi-like operation xref-itemReads the name of a note cross reference in the echo area and selectsits node. Completion is available while reading the cross referencelabel. See completion. Finally, the next few commands operate on menu or note references alike: TAB (move-to-next-xref) TAB, in Info windows move-to-next-xrefMove the cursor to the start of the next nearest menu item or notereference in this node. You can then use RET(select-reference-this-line) to select the menu or note reference. M-TAB (move-to-prev-xref)Shift-TAB (on DOS/Windows only) M-TAB, in Info windows move-to-prev-xrefMove the cursor the start of the nearest previous menu item or notereference in this node. Shift-TAB, in Info windows BackTab, in Info windowsOn DOS/Windows only, the Shift-TAB key is an alias forM-TAB. This key is sometimes called ‘BackTab’. RET (select-reference-this-line)M-g, vi-like operation RET, in Info windows M-g, vi-like operation select-reference-this-lineSelect the menu item or note reference appearing on this line. Manipulating Multiple Windows windows, manipulating A window is a place to show the text of a node. Windows have a view area where the text of the node is displayed, and an associated mode line, which briefly describes the node being viewed. GNU Info supports multiple windows appearing in a single screen; each window is separated from the next by its modeline. At any time, there is only one active window, that is, the window in which the cursor appears. There are commands available for creating windows, changing the size of windows, selecting which window is active, and for deleting windows. The Mode Line A mode line is a line of inverse video which appears at the bottom of an Info window. It describes the contents of the window just above it; this information includes the name of the file and node appearing in that window, the number of screen lines it takes to display the node, and the percentage of text that is above the top of the window. It can also tell you if the indirect tags table for this Info file needs to be updated, and whether or not the Info file was compressed when stored on disk. Here is a sample mode line for a window containing an uncompressed file named dir, showing the node ‘Top’. -----Info: (dir)Top, 40 lines --Top------------------------------------- ^^ ^ ^^^ ^^ (file)Node #lines where When a node comes from a file which is compressed on disk, this is indicated in the mode line with two small ‘z’'s. In addition, if the Info file containing the node has been split into subfiles, the name of the subfile containing the node appears in the modeline as well: --zz-Info: (emacs)Top, 291 lines --Top-- Subfile: emacs-1.Z------------- Truncation of long lines (as opposed to wrapping them to the next display line, see toggle-wrap) is indicated by a ‘$’ at the left edge of the mode line: --$--Info: (texinfo)Top, 480 lines --Top-- Subfile: texinfo-1----------- When Info makes a node internally, such that there is no corresponding info file on disk, the name of the node is surrounded by asterisks (‘*’). The name itself tells you what the contents of the window are; the sample mode line below shows an internally constructed node showing possible completions: -----Info: *Completions*, 7 lines --All--------------------------------- Window Commands It can be convenient to view more than one node at a time. To allow this, Info can display more than one window. Each window has its own mode line (see ) and history of nodes viewed in that window (see history-node). C-x o (next-window) windows, selecting C-x o next-windowSelect the next window on the screen. Note that the echo area can only beselected if it is already in use, and you have left it temporarily.Normally, ‘C-x o’ simply moves the cursor into the next window onthe screen, or if you are already within the last window, into the firstwindow on the screen. Given a numeric argument, ‘C-x o’ moves overthat many windows. A negative argument causes ‘C-x o’ to selectthe previous window on the screen. M-x prev-window prev-windowSelect the previous window on the screen. This is identical to‘C-x o’ with a negative argument. C-x 2 (split-window) windows, creating C-x 2 split-windowSplit the current window into two windows, both showing the same node.Each window is one half the size of the original window, and the cursorremains in the original window. The variable automatic-tilingcan cause all of the windows on the screen to be resized for youautomatically (see automatic-tiling). C-x 0 (delete-window) windows, deleting C-x 0 delete-windowDelete the current window from the screen. If you have made too manywindows and your screen appears cluttered, this is the way to get rid ofsome of them. C-x 1 (keep-one-window) C-x 1 keep-one-windowDelete all of the windows excepting the current one. ESC C-v (scroll-other-window) ESC C-v, in Info windows scroll-other-windowScroll the other window, in the same fashion that ‘C-v’ mightscroll the current window. Given a negative argument, scroll the“other” window backward. C-x ^ (grow-window) C-x ^ grow-windowGrow (or shrink) the current window. Given a numeric argument, growthe current window that many lines; with a negative numeric argument,shrink the window instead. C-x t (tile-windows) tiling C-x t tile-windowsDivide the available screen space among all of the visible windows.Each window is given an equal portion of the screen in which to displayits contents. The variable automatic-tiling can causetile-windows to be called when a window is created or deleted.See automatic-tiling. The Echo Area echo area The echo area is a one line window which appears at the bottom of the screen. It is used to display informative or error messages, and to read lines of input from you when that is necessary. Almost all of the commands available in the echo area are identical to their Emacs counterparts, so please refer to that documentation for greater depth of discussion on the concepts of editing a line of text. The following table briefly lists the commands that are available while input is being read in the echo area: C-f (echo-area-forward)RIGHT (an arrow key)M-h, vi-like operation C-f, in the echo area RIGHT, in the echo area M-h, in the echo area, vi-like operation echo-area-forwardMove forward a character. C-b (echo-area-backward)LEFT (an arrow key)M-l, vi-like operation LEFT, in the echo area C-b, in the echo area M-l, in the echo area, vi-like operation echo-area-backwardMove backward a character. C-a (echo-area-beg-of-line)M-0, vi-like operation C-a, in the echo area M-0, in the echo area, vi-like operation echo-area-beg-of-lineMove to the start of the input line. C-e (echo-area-end-of-line)M-$, vi-like operation C-e, in the echo area M-$, vi-like operation echo-area-end-of-lineMove to the end of the input line. M-f (echo-area-forward-word)C-RIGHT (DOS/Windows only)M-w, vi-like operation M-f, in the echo area M-w, in the echo area, vi-like operation echo-area-forward-wordMove forward a word. C-RIGHT, in the echo areaOn DOS/Windows, C-RIGHT moves forward by words. M-b (echo-area-backward-word)C-LEFT (DOS/Windows only) M-b, in the echo area echo-area-backward-wordMove backward a word. C-LEFT, in the echo areaOn DOS/Windows, C-LEFT moves backward by words. C-d (echo-area-delete)M-x, vi-like operation C-d, in the echo area M-x, in the echo area, vi-like operation echo-area-deleteDelete the character under the cursor. DEL (echo-area-rubout) DEL, in the echo area echo-area-ruboutDelete the character behind the cursor.On some keyboards, this key is designated BS, for‘BackSpace’. Those keyboards will usually bind DEL in theecho area to echo-area-delete. C-g (echo-area-abort)C-u, vi-like operation C-g, in the echo area C-u, in the echo area, vi-like operation echo-area-abortCancel or quit the current operation. If completion is being read, thiscommand discards the text of the input line which does not match anycompletion. If the input line is empty, it aborts the calling function. RET (echo-area-newline) RET, in the echo area echo-area-newlineAccept (or forces completion of) the current input line. C-q (echo-area-quoted-insert)C-v, vi-like operation C-q, in the echo area C-v, in the echo area, vi-like operation echo-area-quoted-insertInsert the next character verbatim. This is how you can insert controlcharacters into a search string, for example, or the ‘?’ characterwhen Info prompts with completion. printing character (echo-area-insert) printing characters, in the echo area echo-area-insertInsert the character. Characters that have their 8th bit set, and notbound to ‘M-’ commands, are also inserted verbatim; this is usefulfor terminals which support Latin scripts. M-TAB (echo-area-tab-insert)Shift-TAB (on DOS/Windows only) M-TAB, in the echo area Shift-TAB, in the echo area echo-area-tab-insertInsert a TAB character. Shift-TAB, in the echo area BackTab, in the echo areaOn DOS/Windows only, the Shift-TAB key is an alias forM-TAB. This key is sometimes called ‘BackTab’. C-t (echo-area-transpose-chars) C-t, in the echo area echo-area-transpose-charsTranspose the characters at the cursor. The next group of commands deal with killing, and yanking text Some people are used to calling these operations cut and paste, respectively.. For an in-depth discussion of killing and yanking, see See section ``Killing and Deleting'' in the GNU Emacs Manual. M-d (echo-area-kill-word)M-X, vi-like operation M-d, in the echo area M-X, in the echo area, vi-like operation echo-area-kill-wordKill the word following the cursor. M-DEL (echo-area-backward-kill-word)M-BS M-DEL, in the echo area echo-area-backward-kill-wordKill the word preceding the cursor. M-BS, in the echo areaOn some keyboards, the Backspace key is used instead ofDEL, so M-Backspace has the same effect asM-DEL. C-k (echo-area-kill-line) C-k, in the echo area echo-area-kill-lineKill the text from the cursor to the end of the line. C-x DEL (echo-area-backward-kill-line) C-x DEL, in the echo area echo-area-backward-kill-lineKill the text from the cursor to the beginning of the line. C-y (echo-area-yank) C-y, in the echo area echo-area-yankYank back the contents of the last kill. M-y (echo-area-yank-pop) M-y, in the echo area echo-area-yank-popYank back a previous kill, removing the last yanked text first. completion Sometimes when reading input in the echo area, the command that needed input will only accept one of a list of several choices. The choices represent the possible completions, and you must respond with one of them. Since there are a limited number of responses you can make, Info allows you to abbreviate what you type, only typing as much of the response as is necessary to uniquely identify it. In addition, you can request Info to fill in as much of the response as is possible; this is called completion. The following commands are available when completing in the echo area: TAB (echo-area-complete)SPC TAB, in the echo area SPC, in the echo area echo-area-completeInsert as much of a completion as is possible. ? (echo-area-possible-completions) ?, in the echo area echo-area-possible-completionsDisplay a window containing a list of the possible completions of whatyou have typed so far. For example, if the available choices are: bar foliate food forget and you have typed an ‘f’, followed by ‘?’, Info will pop up awindow showing a node called ‘*Completions*’ which lists thepossible completions like this: 3 completions: foliate food forget i.e., all of the choices which begin with ‘f’. Pressing SPCor TAB would result in ‘fo’ appearing in the echo area, sinceall of the choices which begin with ‘f’ continue with ‘o’.Now, typing ‘l’ followed by ‘TAB’ results in ‘foliate’appearing in the echo area, since that is the only choice which beginswith ‘fol’. ESC C-v (echo-area-scroll-completions-window) ESC C-v, in the echo area echo-area-scroll-completions-windowScroll the completions window, if that is visible, or the “other”window if not. Printing Nodes printing In general, we recommend that you use &tex; to format the document and print sections of it, by running tex on the Texinfo source file. However, you may wish to print out the contents of a node as a quick reference document for later use, or if you don't have &tex; installed. Info provides you with a command for doing this. M-x print-node print-node INFO_PRINT_COMMAND, environment variablePipe the contents of the current node through the command in theenvironment variable INFO_PRINT_COMMAND. If the variable does notexist, the node is simply piped to lpr (on DOS/Windows, thedefault is to print the node to the local printer device, PRN). printing nodes to the local printer local printer deviceThe value of INFO_PRINT_COMMAND may begin with the ‘>’character, as in ‘>/dev/printer’, in which case Info treats therest as the name of a file or a device. Instead of piping to a command,Info opens the file, writes the node contents, and closes the file,under the assumption that text written to that file will be printed bythe underlying OS. Miscellaneous Commands GNU Info contains several commands which self-document GNU Info: M-x describe-command functions, describing commands, describing describe-commandRead the name of an Info command in the echo area and then display abrief description of what that command does. M-x describe-key keys, describing describe-keyRead a key sequence in the echo area, and then display the name anddocumentation of the Info command that the key sequence invokes. M-x describe-variable Read the name of a variable in the echo area and then display a briefdescription of what the variable affects. M-x where-is where-isRead the name of an Info command in the echo area, and then displaya key sequence which can be typed in order to invoke that command. C-h (get-help-window)?F1 (on DOS/Windows only)h, vi-like operation C-h ?, in Info windows F1 h, vi-like operation get-help-windowCreate (or Move into) the window displaying *Help*, and placea node containing a quick reference card into it. This window displaysthe most concise information about GNU Info available. h (get-info-help-node)M-h, vi-like operation h M-h, vi-like operation get-info-help-nodeTry hard to visit the node (info)Help. The Info fileinfo.texi distributed with GNU Info contains this node. Ofcourse, the file must first be processed with makeinfo, and thenplaced into the location of your Info directory. Here are the commands for creating a numeric argument: C-u (universal-argument) numeric arguments C-u universal-argumentStart (or multiply by 4) the current numeric argument. ‘C-u’ isa good way to give a small numeric argument to cursor movement orscrolling commands; ‘C-u C-v’ scrolls the screen 4 lines, while‘C-u C-u C-n’ moves the cursor down 16 lines. ‘C-u’ followedby digit keys sets the numeric argument to the number thus typed:C-u 1 2 0 sets the argument to 120. M-1 (add-digit-to-numeric-arg)1, vi-like operationM-2 … M-92 … 9, vi-like operationM-00, vi-like operation M-0 … M-9 0 … 9, vi-like operation add-digit-to-numeric-argAdd the digit value of the invoking key to the current numericargument. Once Info is reading a numeric argument, you may just typethe digits of the argument, without the Meta prefix. For example, youmight give ‘C-l’ a numeric argument of 32 by typing: C-u 3 2 C-l or M-3 2 C-l M– (add-digit-to-numeric-arg- M– - negative arguments arguments, negative numeric arguments, negativeTo make a negative argument, type -. Typing - alone makes anegative argument with a value of -1. If you continue to type digit orMeta-digit keys after -, the result is a negative number producedby those digits.- doesn't work when you type in the echo area, because you need tobe able to insert the ‘-’ character itself; use M– instead,if you need to specify negative arguments in the echo area. ‘C-g’ is used to abort the reading of a multi-character key sequence, to cancel lengthy operations (such as multi-file searches) and to cancel reading input in the echo area. C-g (abort-key)C-u, vi-like operation cancelling typeahead cancelling the current operation C-g, in Info windows C-u cancels typeahead, vi-like operation abort-keyCancel current operation. The ‘q’ command of Info simply quits running Info. Under ‘--vi-keys’ (see ), you can also exit with ‘:q’ or ‘ZZ’. q (quit)C-x C-c:q, vi-like operationZZ, vi-like operation quitting q C-x C-c ZZ, vi-like operation quitExit GNU Info. If the operating system tells GNU Info that the screen is 60 lines tall, and it is actually only 40 lines tall, here is a way to tell Info that the operating system is correct. M-x set-screen-height set-screen-height screen, changing the height ofRead a height value in the echo area and set the height of thedisplayed screen to that value. On MS-DOS/MS-Windows, this command actually tries to change the dimensions of the visible screen to the value you type in the echo area. Finally, Info provides a convenient way to display footnotes which might be associated with the current node that you are viewing: ESC C-f (show-footnotes) ESC C-f show-footnotes footnotes, displayingShow the footnotes (if any) associated with the current node in anotherwindow. You can have Info automatically display the footnotesassociated with a node when the node is selected by setting the variableautomatic-footnotes. See automatic-footnotes. Manipulating Variables GNU Info contains several variables whose values are looked at by various Info commands. You can change the values of these variables, and thus change the behavior of Info to more closely match your environment and Info file reading manner. There are two ways to set the value of a variable: interactively, using the set-variable command described below, or in the #var section of the .infokey file. See . M-x set-variable variables, setting set-variableRead the name of a variable, and the value for it, in the echo area andthen set the variable to that value. Completion is available whenreading the variable name (see completion); often,completion is available when reading the value to give to the variable,but that depends on the variable itself. If a variable does notsupply multiple choices to complete over, it expects a numeric value. M-x describe-variable variables, describing describe-variableRead the name of a variable in the echo area and then display a briefdescription of what the variable affects. Here is a list of the variables that you can set in Info. automatic-footnotes automatic-footnotesWhen set to On, footnotes appear and disappear automatically;else, they appear at the bottom of the node text. This variable isOff by default. When a node is selected, a window containingthe footnotes which appear in that node is created, and the footnotesare displayed within the new window. The window that Info creates tocontain the footnotes is called ‘*Footnotes*’. If a node isselected which contains no footnotes, and a ‘*Footnotes*’ windowis on the screen, the ‘*Footnotes*’ window is deleted. Footnotewindows created in this fashion are not automatically tiled so thatthey can use as little of the display as is possible. automatic-tiling automatic-tilingWhen set to On, creating or deleting a window resizes otherwindows. This variable is Off by default. Normally, typing‘C-x 2’ divides the current window into two equal parts. Whenautomatic-tiling is set to On, all of the windows areresized automatically, keeping an equal number of lines visible in eachwindow. There are exceptions to the automatic tiling; specifically, thewindows ‘*Completions*’ and ‘*Footnotes*’ are notresized through automatic tiling; they remain their original size. errors-ring-bell errors-ring-bellWhen set to On, errors cause the bell to ring. The defaultsetting of this variable is On. gc-compressed-files gc-compressed-filesWhen set to On, Info garbage collects files which had to beuncompressed. The default value of this variable is Off.Whenever a node is visited in Info, the Info file containing that nodeis read into core, and Info reads information about the tags and nodescontained in that file. Once the tags information is read by Info, itis never forgotten. However, the actual text of the nodes does not needto remain in core unless a particular Info window needs it. Fornon-compressed files, the text of the nodes does not remain in core whenit is no longer in use. But de-compressing a file can be a timeconsuming operation, and so Info tries hard not to do it twice.gc-compressed-files tells Info it is okay to garbage collect thetext of the nodes of a file which was compressed on disk. ISO-Latin ISO Latin characters ISO-LatinWhen set to On, Info accepts and displays ISO Latin characters.By default, Info assumes an ASCII character set. ISO-Latin tellsInfo that it is running in an environment where the European standardcharacter set is in use, and allows you to input such characters toInfo, as well as display them. scroll-behavior scroll-behaviorControl what happens when forward scrolling is requested at the end ofa node, or when backward scrolling is requested at the beginning of anode. The default value for this variable is Continuous. Thereare three possible values for this variable: Continuous Try to get the first item in this node's menu, or failing that, the‘Next’ node, or failing that, the ‘Next’ of the ‘Up’.This behavior is identical to using the ‘]’(global-next-node) and ‘[’ (global-prev-node)commands. Next Only Only try to get the ‘Next’ node. Page Only Simply give up, changing nothing. If scroll-behavior isPage Only, no scrolling command can change the node that is beingviewed. scroll-step scroll-stepThe number of lines to scroll when the cursor moves out of the window.Scrolling happens automatically if the cursor has moved out of thevisible portion of the node text when it is time to display. Usuallythe scrolling is done so as to put the cursor on the center line of thecurrent window. However, if the variable scroll-step has anonzero value, Info attempts to scroll the node text by that many lines;if that is enough to bring the cursor back into the window, that is whatis done. The default value of this variable is 0, thus placing thecursor (and the text it is attached to) in the center of the window.Setting this variable to 1 causes a kind of “smooth scrolling” whichsome people prefer. show-index-match show-index-matchWhen set to On, the portion of the matched search string ishighlighted in the message which explains where the matched searchstring was found. The default value of this variable is On.When Info displays the location where an index match was found,(see next-index-match), the portion of thestring that you had typed is highlighted by displaying it in the inversecase from its surrounding characters. visible-bell visible-bellWhen set to On, GNU Info attempts to flash the screen instead ofringing the bell. This variable is Off by default. Of course,Info can only flash the screen if the terminal allows it; in the casethat the terminal does not allow it, the setting of this variable has noeffect. However, you can make Info perform quietly by setting theerrors-ring-bell variable to Off. Customizing Key Bindings and Variables default key bindings, overriding overriding default key bindings customizing key bindings key bindings, customizing infokey .info .infokey _info file (MS-DOS) For those whose editor/pager of choice is not Emacs and who are not entirely satisfied with the –vi-keys option (see ), GNU Info provides a way to define different key-to-command bindings and variable settings from the defaults described in this document. On startup, GNU Info looks for a configuration file in the invoker's HOME directory called .infoDue to the limitations of DOS filesystems, the MS-DOS version of Info looks for a file _info instead. If the HOME variable is not defined, Info additionally looks in the current directory.. If it is present, and appears to contain Info configuration data, and was created with the current version of the infokey command, then Info adopts the key bindings and variable settings contained therein. The .info file contains compact, non-textual data for reasons of efficiency and because its design was lifted wholesale from the GNU Less program, which also does it that way. It must be created by compiling a textual source file using the infokey command. Invoking infokey invoking infokey infokey, invoking _infokey file (MS-DOS) infokey compiles a source file ($HOME/.infokeyThis file is named _infokey in the MS-DOS version, and is looked for in the current directory if HOME is undefined. by default) containing Info customizations into a binary format ($HOME/.info by default). GNU Info reads the binary file at startup to override the default key bindings and variable definitions. Synopsis: infokey [option…] [input-file] Besides the standard and , the only option is . This tells infokey to write the binary data to file instead of $HOME/.info. infokey source format infokey source format .infokey source format format of .infokey source The format of the source file read by infokey is most easily illustrated by example. For instance, here is a sample .infokey source file suitable for aficionados of vi or less: #info j next-line k prev-line l forward-char h backward-char \kd next-line \ku prev-line \kr forward-char \kl backward-char \ scroll-forward \kD scroll-forward-page-only b scroll-backward \kU scroll-backward-page-only g beginning-of-node \kh beginning-of-node G end-of-node \ke end-of-node \t select-reference-this-line - history-node n next-node p prev-node u up-node t top-node d dir-node #var scroll-step=1 The source file consists of one or more sections. Each section starts with a line that identifies the type of section. Possible sections are: #info Key bindings for Info windows.The start of this section is indicated by a line containing just#info by itself. If this is the first section in the sourcefile, the #info line can be omitted. The rest of this sectionconsists of lines of the form: string whitespace action [ whitespace [ # comment ] ] newline Whitespace is any sequence of one or more spaces and/or tabs. Commentis any sequence of any characters, excluding newline. string isthe key sequence which invokes the action. action is the name ofan Info command. The characters in string are interpretedliterally or prefixed by a caret (^) to indicate a controlcharacter. A backslash followed by certain characters specifies inputkeystrokes as follows: \b Backspace \e Escape (ESC) \n Newline \r Return \t Tab \ku Up arrow \kd Down arrow \kl Left arrow \kr Right arrow \kU Page Up \kD Page Down \kh HOME \ke END \kx Delete (DEL) \mx Meta-x where x is any character as described above. Backslash followed by any other character indicates that character is tobe taken literally. Characters which must be preceded by a backslashinclude caret, space, tab, and backslash itself. #echo-area Key bindings for the echo area.The start of this section is indicated by a line containing just#echo-area by itself. The rest of this section has a syntaxidentical to that for the key definitions for the Info area, describedabove. #var Variable initializations.The start of this section is indicated by a line containing just#var by itself. Following this line is a list of variableassignments, one per line. Each line consists of a variable name(See ,) followed by = followed by a value.There may be no white space between the variable name and the =,and all characters following the =, including white space,are included in the value. Blank lines and lines starting with # are ignored, except for the special section header lines. Key bindings defined in the .info file take precedence over GNU Info's default key bindings, whether or not ‘--vi-keys’ is used. A default key binding may be disabled by overriding it in the .info file with the action invalid. In addition, all default key bindings can be disabled by adding this line anywhere in the relevant section: #stop This will cause GNU Info to ignore all the default key commands for that section. Beware: #stop can be dangerous. Since it disables all default key bindings, you must supply enough new key bindings to enable all necessary actions. Failure to bind any key to the quit command, for example, can lead to frustration. The order in which key bindings are defined in the .info file is not important, except that the command summary produced by the get-help-window command only displays the first key that is bound to each command. Copying This Manual GNU Free Documentation License FDL, GNU Free Documentation License
Version 1.2, November 2002
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If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software. id="Index"> Index ', vi-like operation, see ,, see -, see --subnodes, command line option, see .info, see .infokey, see .infokey source format, see /, see 0 … 9, vi-like operation, see 0, in Info windows, see 1 … 9, in Info windows, see <, see >, see ?, in Info windows, see ?, in the echo area, see ?, vi-like operation, see [, see ], see _info file (MS-DOS), see _infokey file (MS-DOS), see A abort-key, see add-digit-to-numeric-arg, see ANSI escape sequences in documents, see Apropos, in Info files, see arguments, command line, see arguments, negative, see automatic-footnotes, see automatic-tiling, see B b, in Info windows, see b, vi-like operation, see BackTab, in Info windows, see BackTab, in the echo area, see backward-char, see backward-word, see beginning-of-line, see beginning-of-node, see BS (backspace), see C C-a, in Info windows, see C-a, in the echo area, see C-b, in Info windows, see C-b, in the echo area, see C-b, vi-like operation, see C-CENTER, see C-d, in the echo area, see C-d, vi-like operation, see C-e, in Info windows, see C-e, in the echo area, see C-e, vi-like operation, see C-End, see C-f, in Info windows, see C-f, in the echo area, see C-f, vi-like operation, see C-g, in Info windows, see C-g, in the echo area, see C-h, see C-Home, see C-k, in the echo area, see C-k, vi-like operation, see C-l, see C-LEFT, see C-LEFT, in the echo area, see C-n, see C-n, vi-like operation, see C-NEXT, see C-p, see C-p, vi-like operation, see C-PgDn, see C-PgUp, see C-PREVIOUS, see C-q, in the echo area, see C-r, see C-RIGHT, see C-RIGHT, in the echo area, see C-s, see C-t, in the echo area, see C-u, see C-u cancels typeahead, vi-like operation, see C-u, in the echo area, vi-like operation, see C-u, vi-like operation, see C-UP, see C-v, see C-v, in the echo area, vi-like operation, see C-w, see C-x 0, see C-x 1, see C-x 2, see C-x ^, see C-x b, see C-x C-b, see C-x C-c, see C-x C-f, see C-x DEL, in the echo area, see C-x g, vi-like operation, see C-x k, see C-x N, see C-x n, see C-x n, vi-like operation, see C-x o, see C-x r, vi-like operation, see C-x t, see C-x u, vi-like operation, see C-y, in the echo area, see C-y, vi-like operation, see cancelling the current operation, see cancelling typeahead, see case-sensitive search, see case-sensitivity, and search, see colors in documents, see command line options, see command-line options, how to find, see commands, describing, see completion, see compressed Info files, see cursor, moving, see customizing key bindings, see D d, see d, vi-like operation, see default key bindings, overriding, see DEL, in Info windows, see DEL, in the echo area, see delete-window, see describe-command, see describe-key, see describe-variable, see dir-node, see directory path, see DOWN (an arrow key), see DOWN, vi-like operation, see down-line, see E e, in Info windows, see echo area, see echo-area-abort, see echo-area-backward, see echo-area-backward-kill-line, see echo-area-backward-kill-word, see echo-area-backward-word, see echo-area-beg-of-line, see echo-area-complete, see echo-area-delete, see echo-area-end-of-line, see echo-area-forward, see echo-area-forward-word, see echo-area-insert, see echo-area-kill-line, see echo-area-kill-word, see echo-area-newline, see echo-area-possible-completions, see echo-area-quoted-insert, see echo-area-rubout, see echo-area-scroll-completions-window, see echo-area-tab-insert, see echo-area-transpose-chars, see echo-area-yank, see echo-area-yank-pop, see End, see end-of-line, see end-of-node, see errors-ring-bell, see ESC C-f, see ESC C-v, in Info windows, see ESC C-v, in the echo area, see F f, see f, vi-like operation, see F1, see FDL, GNU Free Documentation License, see file names, relative, see file, outputting to, see files, compressed, see find-menu, see finding the Invocation node, see first-node, see footnotes, displaying, see format of .infokey source, see forward-char, see forward-word, see functions, describing, see G G, see g, see G, vi-like operation, see g, vi-like operation, see gc-compressed-files, see get-help-window, see get-info-help-node, see global-next-node, see global-prev-node, see goto-invocation, see goto-node, see grow-window, see H h, see h, vi-like operation, see history-node, see Home, see I i, see I, see incremental search, see index search, selecting from the command line, see index, searching, see index-apropos, see index-search, see Info file, selecting, see Info files, compressed, see Info files, relative, see Info files, searching all indices, see Info manual location, see Info, invoking, see INFO_PRINT_COMMAND, environment variable, see infokey, see infokey source format, see infokey, invoking, see invocation description, how to find, see invoking Info, see invoking infokey, see isearch-backward, see isearch-forward, see ISO Latin characters, see ISO-Latin, see K k, vi-like operation, see keep-one-window, see key bindings, customizing, see keys, describing, see keystrokes, recording, see kill-node, see L l, see last-menu-item, see last-node, see LEFT (an arrow key), see LEFT, in the echo area, see Less-like key bindings, see LFD, vi-like operation, see list-visited-nodes, see local printer device, see M m, see M-$, vi-like operation, see M–, see M-0 … M-9, see M-0, in the echo area, vi-like operation, see M-0, vi-like operation, see M-1 … M-9, vi-like operation, see M-<, see M->, see M-b, in Info windows, see M-b, in the echo area, see M-b, vi-like operation, see M-BS, in the echo area, see M-d, in the echo area, see M-d, vi-like operation, see M-DEL, in the echo area, see M-f, in Info windows, see M-f, in the echo area, see M-f, vi-like operation, see M-g, vi-like operation, see M-h, in the echo area, vi-like operation, see M-h, vi-like operation, see M-l, in the echo area, vi-like operation, see M-r, see M-SPC, vi-like operation, see M-t, vi-like operation, see M-TAB, in Info windows, see M-TAB, in the echo area, see M-v, see M-w, in the echo area, vi-like operation, see M-X, in the echo area, vi-like operation, see M-x, in the echo area, vi-like operation, see M-y, in the echo area, see menu, following, see menu, following, from inside Info, see menu-digit, see menu-item, see menu-sequence, see move-to-next-xref, see move-to-prev-xref, see move-to-window-line, see moving the cursor, see N n, see n, vi-like operation, see negative arguments, see NEXT, see next-index-match, see next-line, see next-node, see next-window, see node, selecting from the command line, see nodes, selection of, see numeric arguments, see numeric arguments, negative, see O O, see online help, using Info as, see options, command line, see outputting to a file, see overriding default key bindings, see P p, see PageDown, see PageUp, see prev-line, see prev-node, see prev-window, see PREVIOUS, see print-node, see printing, see printing characters, in the echo area, see printing nodes to the local printer, see Q q, see quit, see quitting, see R r, see redraw-display, see relative Info file names, see remembering user keystrokes, see repeated search, see replaying recorded keystrokes, see RET, in Info windows, see RET, in the echo area, see RET, vi-like operation, see RIGHT (an arrow key), see RIGHT, in the echo area, see S S, see s, see screen, changing the height of, see scroll-backward, see scroll-backward-page-only, see scroll-backward-page-only-set-window, see scroll-behavior, see scroll-forward, see scroll-forward-page-only, see scroll-forward-page-only-set-window, see scroll-half-screen-down, see scroll-half-screen-up, see scroll-other-window, see scroll-step, see scrolling, see scrolling through node structure, see search, see search, and case-sensitivity, see search, case-sensitive, see search-backward, see search-case-sensitively, see search-next, see search-previous, see searching, see Searching all indices, see searching, in the indices, see select-reference-this-line, see select-visited-node, see set-screen-height, see set-variable, see Shift-TAB, in Info windows, see Shift-TAB, in the echo area, see show-footnotes, see show-index-match, see SPC, in Info windows, see SPC, in the echo area, see speech synthesizers, see split-window, see T t, see TAB, in Info windows, see TAB, in the echo area, see tile-windows, see tiling, see toggle-wrap, see top-node, see U u, see u, vi-like operation, see universal-argument, see UP (an arrow key), see UP, vi-like operation, see up-line, see up-node, see V variables, describing, see variables, setting, see version information, see vi-like key bindings, see view-file, see visible-bell, see W w, vi-like operation, see Where is an Info manual?, see where-is, see windows, creating, see windows, deleting, see windows, manipulating, see windows, selecting, see X xref-item, see Y y, vi-like operation, see Z z, vi-like operation, see ZZ, vi-like operation, see